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Tertiary companions to close spectroscopic binaries
We have surveyed a sample of 165 solar-type spectroscopic binaries (SB)with periods from 1 to 30 days for higher-order multiplicity. Asubsample of 62 targets were observed with the NACO adaptive opticssystem and 13 new physical tertiary companions were detected. Anadditional 12 new wide companions (5 still tentative) were found usingthe 2MASS all-sky survey. The binaries belong to 161 stellar systems; ofthese 64 are triple, 11 quadruple and 7 quintuple. After correction forincompleteness, the fraction of SBs with additional companions is foundto be 63% ± 5%. We find that this fraction is a strong functionof the SB period P, reaching 96% for P<3d and dropping to34% for P>12^d. Period distributions of SBs with and withouttertiaries are significantly different, but their mass ratiodistributions are identical. The statistical data on the multiplicity ofclose SBs presented in this paper indicates that the periods and massratios of SBs were established very early, but the periods of SB systemswith triples were further shortened by angular momentum exchange withcompanions.
| The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the Solar neighbourhood. Ages, metallicities, and kinematic properties of 14 000 F and G dwarfs
We present and discuss new determinations of metallicity, rotation, age,kinematics, and Galactic orbits for a complete, magnitude-limited, andkinematically unbiased sample of 16 682 nearby F and G dwarf stars. Our63 000 new, accurate radial-velocity observations for nearly 13 500stars allow identification of most of the binary stars in the sampleand, together with published uvbyβ photometry, Hipparcosparallaxes, Tycho-2 proper motions, and a few earlier radial velocities,complete the kinematic information for 14 139 stars. These high-qualityvelocity data are supplemented by effective temperatures andmetallicities newly derived from recent and/or revised calibrations. Theremaining stars either lack Hipparcos data or have fast rotation. Amajor effort has been devoted to the determination of new isochrone agesfor all stars for which this is possible. Particular attention has beengiven to a realistic treatment of statistical biases and errorestimates, as standard techniques tend to underestimate these effectsand introduce spurious features in the age distributions. Our ages agreewell with those by Edvardsson et al. (\cite{edv93}), despite severalastrophysical and computational improvements since then. We demonstrate,however, how strong observational and theoretical biases cause thedistribution of the observed ages to be very different from that of thetrue age distribution of the sample. Among the many basic relations ofthe Galactic disk that can be reinvestigated from the data presentedhere, we revisit the metallicity distribution of the G dwarfs and theage-metallicity, age-velocity, and metallicity-velocity relations of theSolar neighbourhood. Our first results confirm the lack of metal-poor Gdwarfs relative to closed-box model predictions (the ``G dwarfproblem''), the existence of radial metallicity gradients in the disk,the small change in mean metallicity of the thin disk since itsformation and the substantial scatter in metallicity at all ages, andthe continuing kinematic heating of the thin disk with an efficiencyconsistent with that expected for a combination of spiral arms and giantmolecular clouds. Distinct features in the distribution of the Vcomponent of the space motion are extended in age and metallicity,corresponding to the effects of stochastic spiral waves rather thanclassical moving groups, and may complicate the identification ofthick-disk stars from kinematic criteria. More advanced analyses of thisrich material will require careful simulations of the selection criteriafor the sample and the distribution of observational errors.Based on observations made with the Danish 1.5-m telescope at ESO, LaSilla, Chile, and with the Swiss 1-m telescope at Observatoire deHaute-Provence, France.Complete Tables 1 and 2 are only available in electronic form at the CDSvia anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/418/989
| The 100 Brightest X-Ray Stars within 50 Parsecs of the Sun
Based on the Hipparcos and Tycho-2 astrometric catalogs and the ROSATsurveys, a sample of 100 stars most luminous in X-rays within or arounda distance of 50 pc is culled. The smallest X-ray luminosity in thesample, in units of 1029 ergs s-1, isLX=9.8 the strongest source in the solar neighborhood is IIPeg, a RS CVn star, at LX=175.8. With respect to the originof X-ray emission, the sample is divided into partly overlapping classesof pre-main-sequence, post-T Tauri, and very young ZAMS objects (typeXY), RS CVn-type binary stars (type RS), other active short-periodbinaries, including binary BY Dra-type objects (type XO), apparentlysingle or long-period binary active evolved stars (type XG), contactbinaries of WU UMa kind (type WU), apparently single or long-periodbinary variable stars of BY Dra kind (type BY), and objects of unknownnature (type X?). Chromospherically active, short-period binaries (RSand XO) make up 40% of the brightest X-ray emitters, followed by youngstars (XY) at 30% and unknown sources (X?) at 15%. The fraction ofspectroscopically single evolved X-ray emitters of spectral classes IVand III is quite large (10%). The sources identified as RS CVn-typestars (RS, 23 objects) are considerably stronger in X-ray than theXY-objects and the other active binaries (XO and WU, 20 objects). Sevenobjects have LX>100, all RS except one XY, viz., BO Mic. Onlyfive (22%) RS objects have LX<25, while only three (10%)XY stars have LX>25. Formally, the limit of LX=25could serve as a statistical criterion to differentiate RS and XY stars.However, the other short-period binaries (including eclipsing stars ofAlgol and β Lyr type) have a distribution of LX verysimilar to the XY objects. The contact binaries (WU) appear to be muchweaker in X-rays than their detached counterparts of RS type, but thesample of the former is too small (three objects) to reach a firmconclusion. Sources matched with giants (either single or in binaries)are found to be significantly harder, with only 7% of hardness ratiosbelow 0, than subgiants (66% of HR1<0) and dwarfs (59% of HR1<0).Almost all objects in the sample are binary or multiple stars; thefraction of components (FC), defined as the total number of componentsin all binary and multiple systems divided by the sum of the totalnumber of components and single stars, is at least 0.90. The FC for theXY objects reaches 0.81, and for the unknown type 0.89. About 70% of RSobjects have also visual or astrometric companions, which makes themhierarchical multiple systems. The RS objects (mostly old, evolvedstars) and the XY stars have quite different kinematics. While the RSobjects move at considerable velocities in apparently random directionswith respect to the local standard of rest, the young stars have smallerand orderly velocities and tend to comprise expanding mini-associationssuch as the β Pic and the Tucana groups. The majority of the youngX-ray active stars belong to the Pleiades stream with the meanheliocentric velocity (U,V,W)=(-9.6,-21.8,-7.7) km s-1.
| A systematic study of X-ray variability in the ROSAT all-sky survey
We present a systematic search for variability among the ROSAT All-SkySurvey (RASS) X-ray sources. We generated lightcurves for about 30 000X-ray point sources detected sufficiently high above background. For ourvariability study different search algorithms were developed in order torecognize flares, periods and trends, respectively. The variable X-raysources were optically identified with counterparts in the SIMBAD, theUSNO-A2.0 and NED data bases, but a significant part of the X-raysources remains without cataloged optical counterparts. Out of the 1207sources classified as variable 767 (63.5%) were identified with stars,118 (9.8%) are of extragalactic origin, 10 (0.8%) are identified withother sources and 312 (25.8%) could not uniquely be identified withentries in optical catalogs. We give a statistical analysis of thevariable X-ray population and present some outstanding examples of X-rayvariability detected in the ROSAT all-sky survey. Most prominent amongthese sources are white dwarfs, apparently single, yet neverthelessshowing periodic variability. Many flares from hitherto unrecognisedflare stars have been detected as well as long term variability in theBL Lac 1E1757.7+7034.The complete version of Table 7 is only available in electronic form atthe CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/403/247
| The long-period companions of multiple stars tend to have moderate eccentricities
We examined the statistics of an angle gamma between the radius vectorof a visual companion of a multiple star and the vector of its apparentrelative motion in the system. Its distribution f(gamma ) is related tothe orbital eccentricity distribution in the investigated sample. Wefound that for the wide physical subsystems of the 174 objects from theMultiple Star Catalogue f(gamma ) is bell-shaped. The Monte-Carlosimulations have shown that our f(gamma ) corresponds to the populationof the moderate-eccentricity orbits and is not compatible with thelinear distribution f(e)=2e which follows from stellar dynamics andseems to hold for wide binaries. This points to the absence of highlyelongated orbits among the outer subsystems of multiple stars. Theconstraint of dynamical stability of triple systems is not sufficient toexplain the ``rounded-off'' outer orbits; instead, we speculate that itcan result from the angular momentum exchange in multiple systems duringtheir early evolution.
| Identification of soft high galactic latitude RASS X-ray sources. I. A complete count-rate limited sample
We present a summary of spectroscopic identifications for a completesample of bright soft high galactic latitude X-ray sources drawn fromthe ROSAT All-Sky Survey which have PSPC count-rates CR > 0.5 {ctss}(-1) and hardness ratios HR1 < 0. Of a total of 397 sources, 270had catalogued counterparts although most of these were not previouslyknown as X-ray sources; of the remaining 127 sources neither X-ray noroptical properties were previously known. Of the whole sample of verysoft X-ray sources 155 were also discovered by the Wide-Field-Camera onboard ROSAT. We present spectroscopic identifications of 108 sources andother identifications for further 18 sources; 1 source remainsunidentified so far. In practically all cases a unique opticalcounterpart exists facilitating identification. The largest sourceclasses are AGN, magnetic cataclysmic variables, and hot white dwarfs.Based in part on observations with the ESO/MPI 2.2m telescope at LaSilla, Chile
| An Optical Atlas of Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) Sources
The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) has been detecting EUV sourcessince its launch in June 1992. Positions of 540 sources have been madeavailable to the community by the EUVE team. We have extracted 7' X 7'images centered on these 540 EUVE sources from the Space TelescopeScience Institute digitized sky archives. We present these images asmosaic finder charts to aid observers trying to identify EUVE sources,or to characterize known sources. (SECTION: Atlases)
| An All-Sky Catalog of Faint Extreme Ultraviolet Sources
We present a list of 534 objects detected jointly in the ExtremeUltraviolet Explorer (EUVE) 100 Angstroms all-sky survey and in theROSAT X-Ray Telescope 0.25 keV band. The joint selection criterionpermits use of a low count rate threshold in each survey. This lowthreshold is roughly 60% of the threshold used in the previous EUVEall-sky surveys, and 166 of the objects listed here are new EUV sources,appearing in neither the Second EUVE Source Catalog nor the ROSAT WideField Camera Second Catalog. The spatial distribution of this all-skycatalog shows three features: an enhanced concentration of objects inUrsa Major, where the Galactic integrated H I column reaches its globalminimum; an enhanced concentration in the third quadrant of the Galaxy(lII from 180 deg to 270 deg) including the Canis Major tunnel, whereparticularly low H I columns are found to distances beyond 200 pc; and aparticularly low number of faint objects in the direction of the fourthquadrant of the Galaxy, where nearby intervening H I columns areappreciable. Of particular interest is the composition of the 166detections not previously reported in any EUV catalog. We offerpreliminary identifications for 105 of these sources. By far the mostnumerous (81) of the identifications are late-type stars (F, G, K, M),while 18 are other stellar types, only five are white dwarfs (WDs), andnone are extragalactic. The paucity of WDs and extragalactic objects maybe explained by a strong horizon effect wherein interstellar absorptionstrongly limits the effective new-source search volume and, thereby,selectively favors low-luminosity nearby sources over more luminous butdistant objects.
| The Second Extreme-Ultraviolet Explorer Source Catalog
We present the second catalog of extreme-ultraviolet objects detected bythe Extreme-Ultraviolet Explorer. The data include (1) all-sky surveydetections from the initial 6 month scanner-survey phase, (2) additionalscanner detections made subsequently during specially programmedobservations designed to fill in low-exposure sky areas of the initialsurvey, (3) sources detected with deep-survey-telescope observationsalong the ecliptic, (4) objects detected by the scanner telescopesduring targeted spectroscopy observations, and ( 3) other observations.We adopt an innovative source detection method that separates the usuallikelihood function into two parts: an intensity diagnostic and aprofile diagnostic. These diagnostics allow each candidate detection tobe tested separately for both signal-to-noise ratio and conformance withthe known instrumental point-spread function. We discuss the dependenceof the false-alarm rate and the survey's completeness on the survey'ssensitivity threshold. We provide three lists of the EUV sourcesdetected: the all-sky survey detections, the deep-survey detections, andsources detected during other phases of the mission. Each list givespositions and intensities in each wave band. The total number of objectslisted is 734. For approximately 65% of these we also provide plausibleoptical, UV, radio, and/or X-ray identifications.
| A ROSAT XUV pointed phase source catalogue.
We present a catalogue of XUV sources from observations by the WideField Camera (WFC) on ROSAT during the pointed phase. The ROSAT WFC is atelescope sensitive in the extreme UV range (17-210eV) which observes inparallel with the ROSAT X-Ray Telescope (XRT). The 5916 pointedobservations processed are from the calibration and verification phasein June 1990 and from the period 9 Feb. 1991 to 15 July 1994. Thecatalogue contains 1022 independent source detections which correspondto 328 individual sources, many of which have been observed repeatedly.Each observation was done with one of four filters S_1_, S_2_, P_1_ andP_2_. Of the 328 sources 113 are new sources (they are not listed in the"2RE" catalogue) and 274 have been identified with optical counterparts.The catalogue contains coordinates, observed count rates, normalizedsource count rates and the proposed optical counterpart with itsspectral class. For observations with filters S_1_ and S_2_ an in-flightcalibration has been applied using data of White Dwarfs which wereassumed to have a constant flux and which were observed repeatedly (inpointed observations and/or during the All Sky Survey). In this way, itwas possible to correct for the time dependant degradation of thedetector efficiency and to normalize the count rates to those valid atthe beginning of the mission.
| Vitesses radiales. Catalogue WEB: Wilson Evans Batten. Subtittle: Radial velocities: The Wilson-Evans-Batten catalogue.
We give a common version of the two catalogues of Mean Radial Velocitiesby Wilson (1963) and Evans (1978) to which we have added the catalogueof spectroscopic binary systems (Batten et al. 1989). For each star,when possible, we give: 1) an acronym to enter SIMBAD (Set ofIdentifications Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) ofthe CDS (Centre de Donnees Astronomiques de Strasbourg). 2) the numberHIC of the HIPPARCOS catalogue (Turon 1992). 3) the CCDM number(Catalogue des Composantes des etoiles Doubles et Multiples) byDommanget & Nys (1994). For the cluster stars, a precise study hasbeen done, on the identificator numbers. Numerous remarks point out theproblems we have had to deal with.
| Temporal Behaviour of Sources in the ROSAT Extreme Ultraviolet All-Sky Survey
During the ROSAT all-sky survey (1990 July - 1991 January), each sourcedetected by the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) Wide Field Camera (WFC) wasobserved once per ~1.5 h, for typically five days, dictated by thecharacteristics of the scanning survey. Light-curves for each of the 479sources in the WFC 2RE Catalogue have been generated and tested forconstancy on time-scales ~1.5 h. As a result, 31 sources have beenclassified as variable. The main constituents of the 2RE Catalogue are,in order, late-type. stars (F-M), hot white-dwarf stars, and cataclysmicvariables. CVs are found to be the most active group with ~50 per centof them displaying variability, compared with ~10 per cent of late-typestars. All the variable G-type stars are known or possible RS CVn-typebinaries; ~40 per cent of the 2RE G-type RS CVn systems are found tovary. Other variable sources are the high-mass X-ray binary Her X-1, theeclipsing binaries Algol (B8 V + K0 IV) and V471 Tau (DA + K2 V), andthe active galaxy Mrk 478.
| The ROSAT Wide Field Camera all-sky survey of extreme-ultraviolet sources - II. The 2RE Source Catalogue
During 1990-1991 the Wide Field Camera (WFC) on the ROSAT satelliteperformed the first all-sky survey at EUV wavelengths. The survey wasconducted in two `colours' using broad-band filters to define wavebandscovering the ranges 60-140 A and 112-200 A. It was fully imaging, witheffective spatial resolution of about 3 arcmin FWHM, and point sourcelocation accuracy of typically better than 1 arcmin. From an initialanalysis, Pounds et al. published the WFC Bright Source Catalogue (BSC)of 383 sources. In this paper we report results from reprocessing of thecomplete survey database; the resulting list of sources is the `2RE'Catalogue. It contains 479 sources, of which 387 are detected in bothsurvey wavebands, a significant advance on the BSC (80 per cent versus60 per cent). Improvements over the original BSC include: (i) betterrejection of poor aspect periods, and smaller random errors in theaspect reconstruction; (ii) improved background screening; (iii)improved methods for source detection; (iv) inclusion of atime-variability test for each source; (v) more extensive investigationof the survey sensitivity. We define the catalogue selection criteria,and present the catalogue contents in terms of tables and sky maps. Wealso discuss the sky coverage, source number-flux relations, opticalidentifications and source variability.
| The first Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer source catalog
The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) has conducted an all-sky surveyto locate and identify point sources of emission in four extremeultraviolet wavelength bands centered at approximately 100, 200, 400,and 600 A. A companion deep survey of a strip along half the eclipticplane was simultaneously conducted. In this catalog we report thesources found in these surveys using rigorously defined criteriauniformly applied to the data set. These are the first surveys to bemade in the three longer wavelength bands, and a substantial number ofsources were detected in these bands. We present a number of statisticaldiagnostics of the surveys, including their source counts, theirsensitivites, and their positional error distributions. We provide aseparate list of those sources reported in the EUVE Bright Source Listwhich did not meet our criteria for inclusion in our primary list. Wealso provide improved count rate and position estimates for a majorityof these sources based on the improved methodology used in this paper.In total, this catalog lists a total of 410 point sources, of which 372have plausible optical ultraviolet, or X-ray identifications, which arealso listed.
| Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer Bright Source List
Initial results from the analysis of the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer(EUVE) all-sky survey (58-740 A) and deep survey (67-364 A) arepresented through the EUVE Bright Source List (BSL). The BSL contains356 confirmed extreme ultraviolet (EUV) point sources with supportinginformation, including positions, observed EUV count rates, and theidentification of possible optical counterparts. One-hundred twenty-sixsources have been detected longward of 200 A.
| The active dynamo stars: RS CVn, BY Dra, FK Com, Algol, W UMa, and T Tau
Not Available
| An optical Atlas of ROSAT Wide Field Camera EUV sources
The ROSAT Wide Field Camera has been detecting EUV sources since itslaunch in June 1990. A preliminary list of 384 bright sources has beensupplied by the Wide Field Camera team to the EUVE Guest ObserverCenter, and to the astronomical community. We have extracted 5.4 x 5.4arcmin images of all 384 WFC sources from the Space Telescope ScienceInstitute digitized sky archives. These images are presented asmosaicked finder charts for observers trying either to identify WFCsources or to characterize known sources.
| The 71st Name-List of Variable Stars
Not Available
| The ROSAT Wide Field Camera all-sky survey of extreme-ultraviolet sources. I - The Bright Source Catalogue
First comprehensive results from an initial processing of the ROSAT WideField Camera all-sky survey for cosmic sources of extreme-ultravioletradiation are presented. The reduction of the survey data has yielded acatalog of 383 relatively bright EUV sources, forming the WFC BrightSource Catalogue. Details of the EUV source positions and count ratesare given, as are optical identifications where known. It is found thatthe log N-log S distributions are unusually flat for the white dwarfstars, but almost Euclidean for the nearby main-sequence late-typestars. The sky distribution of identified white dwarfs is highlynonuniform, suggesting gross variations in the opacity of theinterstellar medium within about 100 pc.
| Radio continuum and X-ray properties of the coronae of RS Canum Venaticorum and related active binary systems
Data from circular polarization measurements are reported which yieldradio-continuum and X-ray characterizations of the coronae of activebinaries including RS CVn. The circular polarization measurements aretaken at 6 cm for 28 binary systems detected at flux densities of morethan 0.7 mJy, and the data are examined in conjunction with those byDrake et al. (1989). Optical positions are derived for 8 RS CVn objects,three previous detections are confirmed, and seven sources are shown tohave circular polarization at levels of 2-13 percent. A total of 49X-ray sources are confirmed in a total of 190 positions, and thecorrelation between X-ray and radio emissions is analyzed. Noobservational evidence exists to support the notion that radio and X-rayemissions are due to nonthermal electrons, and the data provide evidencefor and against thermal gyrosynchrotron radio emission.
| Photometry of 50 suspected variable stars
Fifty stars have been chosen as suspected variable stars and analyzedfor variability. A large portion of this sample are stars that areeither proved active chromosphere stars or are candidates for suchactivity. The photometric data base consists of differential Vmeasurements of the Vanderbilt 16 inch (41 cm) automatic photoelectrictelescope and 25 observers at 26 observatories worldwide. Publishedphotometric data have also been utilized, with proper adjustments madeto ensure that all magnitudes are differential. Searches for photometricperiod, amplitudes, and times of minimum light showed 68 percent of thesample to be photometrically variable with periods found for 34. Twostars were deemed norvariable for the period of observation. Conclusivestatements could not be made concerning the photometric variability ofthe 14 remaining stars.
| EXOSAT and IUE observations of contact binaries
EXOSAT observations are reported of the contact binaries W UMa, VW Cep,44t Boo, XY Leo, and V566 Oph and the detached short-period RS CVn starsER Vul and HD 209943. Complete X-ray light curves were obtained for WUMa, VW Cep and 44t Boo. Nearly simultaneous IUE observations of VW Cepprovide important comparisons of the Mg II emission, the UV continuum,and the FES light curve, pointing to extra hot gas at phase 0.75. Theobservations indicate that contact binaries have highly structured (intemperature and geometry) and highly variable coronae, notpreferentially connected with either of the component stars. Theobserved dips can be interpreted as due to cool absorbing clouds abovelocalized X-ray emitting regions. For VW Cep, 44t Boo, and XY Leo thereis evidence that the neck regions are sites for X-ray-emitting hot gas.
| Common proper motion stars in the AGK 3
A search was made of common-proper-motion (CPM) systems among AGK 3stars. The selection of physical systems was based upon the ratiobetween the angular separation (rho) and the proper motion (mu); the CPMstars found are presented in two tables. Table I lists systems withrho/mu less than 1000 years. It contains 326 entries, and the proportionof optical pairs is estimated to be 1 percent. Table II lists systemswith rho/mu in the range 1000 to 3500 years; it contains 113 systems,but only 60 percent of them are physical. Nevertheless, these systemsoften have separations larger than 10,000 AU and are the mostinteresting for the study of the tail of the distribution function ofthe semimajor axes.
| Preliminary UVBY calibrations for G and K type dwarf stars
Four-color uvby photometry for several hundred late-type dwarf stars oftypes G, K and M is discussed. Mean values of photometric indices aregiven for MK spectral types between F8/G0V and M2V. Preliminary standardrelations between the four-color indices are derived. Based onparallaxes and results from high-dispersion spectroscopic analyses,calibrations of the observed indices in terms of Mv, log Te and Fe/Hhave been derived. The means errors are 0.29 mag, 0.009 dex, and 0.17dex, respectively. The calibrations are valid for class-V stars of allpopulations between G0 and M2. If extreme population-II dwarfs areexcluded, the mean error of the abundance calibration decreases to 0.13dex. Calibrations in terms of log g have been attempted,, but the lowaccuracy of the spectroscopic g determinations does not inspireconfidence in the results. The possible contribution of a'fourth-parameter' variation to the mean errors of the calibrations isbriefly discussed. This fourth parameter could be the intrinsic heliumabundance of the stars.
| The period distribution of unevolved close binary systems
Period distributions have been examined for various spectral types ofabout 600 (eclipsing and spectroscopic) close binaries, which are likelyto be substantially unevolved. The comparison with the previouscorresponding analyses of extensive (but heterogeneous) binary samplesallows a clarification of the extent of the evolutionary andobservational selection effects. Remarkably, this analysis reveals agreat deficiency of short period binaries (with periods corresponding tocase A mass transfer) in the whole spectral range. For the late spectraltypes, this result may be connected with postformation angular momentumloss caused by stellar wind magnetic braking; at least for the late Band A spectral range, a ready interpretation of this finding is thatclose binaries of corresponding periods and spectral types are rarelyformed.
| The significance of binaries with nearly identical components
The distribution of the mass ratios of double-lined spectroscopicbinaries is investigated, and a narrow peak at q of about 0.97 is foundafter observational errors have been corrected for. A variety ofobservational and theoretical arguments are then used to demonstratethat this peak cannot be explained as being due to the effects of eitherevolution or selection. The peak is therefore interpreted as implyingthat many close binaries (P less than about 25 days) with intermediateand small total masses are formed by a mechanism that, in its idealform, would create binaries with identical components. Recentcalculations suggest that this mechanism be identified with binaryformation by fragmentation during the final dynamical-collapse phase ofa rotating protostar's pre-main-sequence evolution.
| Seventh catalogue of the orbital elements of spectroscopic binary systems.
Not Available
| Photographic measures of doubles stars.
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1964AJ.....69..762G&db_key=AST
| Mouvement relatif linéaire d'étoiles doubles
Not Available
| A photometric system
Not Available
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Observation and Astrometry data
| Constellation: | Céphée |
| Right ascension: | 21h58m19.72s |
| Declination: | +82°52'15.8" |
| Apparent magnitude: | 7.405 |
| Distance: | 38.417 parsecs |
| Proper motion RA: | -137.4 |
| Proper motion Dec: | -40.4 |
| B-T magnitude: | 8.208 |
| V-T magnitude: | 7.472 |
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