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The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the solar neighbourhood. III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics
Context: Ages, chemical compositions, velocity vectors, and Galacticorbits for stars in the solar neighbourhood are fundamental test datafor models of Galactic evolution. The Geneva-Copenhagen Survey of theSolar Neighbourhood (Nordström et al. 2004; GCS), amagnitude-complete, kinematically unbiased sample of 16 682 nearby F andG dwarfs, is the largest available sample with complete data for starswith ages spanning that of the disk. Aims: We aim to improve theaccuracy of the GCS data by implementing the recent revision of theHipparcos parallaxes. Methods: The new parallaxes yield improvedastrometric distances for 12 506 stars in the GCS. We also use theparallaxes to verify the distance calibration for uvby? photometryby Holmberg et al. (2007, A&A, 475, 519; GCS II). We add newselection criteria to exclude evolved cool stars giving unreliableresults and derive distances for 3580 stars with large parallax errorsor not observed by Hipparcos. We also check the GCS II scales of T_effand [Fe/H] and find no need for change. Results: Introducing thenew distances, we recompute MV for 16 086 stars, and U, V, W,and Galactic orbital parameters for the 13 520 stars that also haveradial-velocity measurements. We also recompute stellar ages from thePadova stellar evolution models used in GCS I-II, using the new valuesof M_V, and compare them with ages from the Yale-Yonsei andVictoria-Regina models. Finally, we compare the observed age-velocityrelation in W with three simulated disk heating scenarios to show thepotential of the data. Conclusions: With these revisions, thebasic data for the GCS stars should now be as reliable as is possiblewith existing techniques. Further improvement must await consolidationof the T_eff scale from angular diameters and fluxes, and the Gaiatrigonometric parallaxes. We discuss the conditions for improvingcomputed stellar ages from new input data, and for distinguishingdifferent disk heating scenarios from data sets of the size andprecision of the GCS.Full Table 1 is only available in electronic form at the CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/501/941
| Pulkovo compilation of radial velocities for 35495 stars in a common system.
Not Available
| Revisiting two local constraints of the Galactic chemical evolution
I review the uncertainties in two observational local constraints of theGalactic disc chemical evolution: the metallicity distribution oflong-lived dwarfs and the age-metallicity relation. Analysing mostrecent data, it is shown first that the observed metallicitydistribution at solar galactocentric radius, designed with standardmethods, is more fit to a closed-box model than to the infallmetallicity distribution. We argue that this is due to the specificcontribution of the thick-disc population, which has been overlookedboth in the derivation of the observed metallicity distribution and inthe standard chemical evolution models. Although this agreementdisqualifies the metallicity distribution as the best supportive(indirect) evidence for infall, we argue that the evolution must be morecomplex than described by either the closed-box or the standard infallmodels.It is then shown that recent determinations of the age-metallicitydistribution (AMD) from large Strömgren photometric surveys aredominated by noise resulting from systematic biases in metallicities andeffective temperatures. These biases are evaluated and a new AMD isobtained, where particularities of the previous determinations arephased out. The new age-metallicity relation shows a mean increaselimited to about a factor of 2 in Z over the disc age. It is shown thatbelow 3 Gyr, the dispersion in metallicity is about 0.1 dex, which,given the observational uncertainties in the derived metallicities, iscompatible with the small cosmic dispersion measured on the interstellarmedium and meteoritic pre-solar dust grains. A population that isprogressively older and more metal rich arises at a metallicity greaterthan that of the Hyades, to reach [Fe/H] ~ +0.5 dex at ages greater than5 Gyr. We suggest that this is best explained by radial migration. Asymmetrical widening of the metallicity interval towards lower values isseen at about the same age, which is attributed to a similar cause.Finally, the new derived ages are sufficiently consistent that anage-metallicity relation within the thick disc is confirmed. These newfeatures altogether draw a picture of the chemical evolution in thesolar neighbourhood where dynamical effects and complexity in the AMDdominate, rather than a generalized high dispersion at all ages.
| Abundance correlations in mildly metal-poor stars. II. Light elements (C to Ca)
Accurate relative abundances have been obtained for carbon, oxygen,sodium, aluminium, silicon, and calcium in a sample of mildly metal-poorstars. This analysis complements a previous study carried out by Jehinet al. ([CITE], A&A, 341, 241), which provided the basis for theEASE scenario. This scenario postulates that field metal-poor stars wereborn in self-enriched proto-globular cluster clouds. By furtherinvestigating the correlations between the different α-elementabundances, we propose a modified scenario for the formation ofintermediate metallicity stars, in which the stars exhibiting lower thanaverage α/Fe abundance ratios would form in low mass clouds,unable to sustain the formation of very massive stars (M 30~M_ȯ). Moreover, the carbon-to-iron ratio is found to decrease asone climbs the so-called Population IIb branch, i.e. when the s-elementabundance increases. In the framework of the EASE scenario, we interpretthis anticorrelation between the carbon and the s-element abundances asa signature of a hot bottom burning process in the metal-poor AGB starswhich expelled the matter subsequently accreted by our Population IIbstars.Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory, LaSilla, Chile (ESO Programmes 56.E-0384, 57.E-0400 and 59.E-0257).
| The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the Solar neighbourhood. Ages, metallicities, and kinematic properties of 14 000 F and G dwarfs
We present and discuss new determinations of metallicity, rotation, age,kinematics, and Galactic orbits for a complete, magnitude-limited, andkinematically unbiased sample of 16 682 nearby F and G dwarf stars. Our63 000 new, accurate radial-velocity observations for nearly 13 500stars allow identification of most of the binary stars in the sampleand, together with published uvbyβ photometry, Hipparcosparallaxes, Tycho-2 proper motions, and a few earlier radial velocities,complete the kinematic information for 14 139 stars. These high-qualityvelocity data are supplemented by effective temperatures andmetallicities newly derived from recent and/or revised calibrations. Theremaining stars either lack Hipparcos data or have fast rotation. Amajor effort has been devoted to the determination of new isochrone agesfor all stars for which this is possible. Particular attention has beengiven to a realistic treatment of statistical biases and errorestimates, as standard techniques tend to underestimate these effectsand introduce spurious features in the age distributions. Our ages agreewell with those by Edvardsson et al. (\cite{edv93}), despite severalastrophysical and computational improvements since then. We demonstrate,however, how strong observational and theoretical biases cause thedistribution of the observed ages to be very different from that of thetrue age distribution of the sample. Among the many basic relations ofthe Galactic disk that can be reinvestigated from the data presentedhere, we revisit the metallicity distribution of the G dwarfs and theage-metallicity, age-velocity, and metallicity-velocity relations of theSolar neighbourhood. Our first results confirm the lack of metal-poor Gdwarfs relative to closed-box model predictions (the ``G dwarfproblem''), the existence of radial metallicity gradients in the disk,the small change in mean metallicity of the thin disk since itsformation and the substantial scatter in metallicity at all ages, andthe continuing kinematic heating of the thin disk with an efficiencyconsistent with that expected for a combination of spiral arms and giantmolecular clouds. Distinct features in the distribution of the Vcomponent of the space motion are extended in age and metallicity,corresponding to the effects of stochastic spiral waves rather thanclassical moving groups, and may complicate the identification ofthick-disk stars from kinematic criteria. More advanced analyses of thisrich material will require careful simulations of the selection criteriafor the sample and the distribution of observational errors.Based on observations made with the Danish 1.5-m telescope at ESO, LaSilla, Chile, and with the Swiss 1-m telescope at Observatoire deHaute-Provence, France.Complete Tables 1 and 2 are only available in electronic form at the CDSvia anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/418/989
| Statistical cataloging of archival data for luminosity class IV-V stars. II. The epoch 2001 [Fe/H] catalog
This paper describes the derivation of an updated statistical catalog ofmetallicities. The stars for which those metallicities apply are ofspectral types F, G, and K, and are on or near the main sequence. Theinput data for the catalog are values of [Fe/H] published before 2002February and derived from lines of weak and moderate strength. Theanalyses used to derive the data have been based on one-dimensional LTEmodel atmospheres. Initial adjustments which are applied to the datainclude corrections to a uniform temperature scale which is given in acompanion paper (see Taylor \cite{t02}). After correction, the data aresubjected to a statistical analysis. For each of 941 stars considered,the results of that analysis include a mean value of [Fe/H], an rmserror, an associated number of degrees of freedom, and one or moreidentification numbers for source papers. The catalog of these resultssupersedes an earlier version given by Taylor (\cite{t94b}).Catalog is only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymousftp cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/398/731
| Statistical cataloging of archival data for luminosity class IV-V stars. I. The epoch 2001 temperature catalog
This paper is one of a pair in which temperatures and metallicitycatalogs for class IV-V stars are considered. The temperature catalogdescribed here is derived from a calibration based on stellar angulardiameters. If published calibrations of this kind are compared by usingcolor-index transformations, temperature-dependent differences among thecalibrations are commonly found. However, such differences are minimizedif attention is restricted to calibrations based on Johnson V-K. Acalibration of this sort from Di Benedetto (\cite{dib98}) is thereforetested and adopted. That calibration is then applied to spectroscopicand photometric data, with the latter predominating. Cousins R-Iphotometry receives special attention because of its high precision andlow metallicity sensitivity. Testing of temperatures derived from thecalibration suggests that their accuracy and precision are satisfactory,though further testing will be warranted as new results appear. Thesetemperatures appear in the catalog as values of theta equiv5040/T(effective). Most of these entries are accompanied by measured orderived values of Cousins R-I. Entries are given for 951 stars.Catalog is only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymousftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/398/721
| Catalogue of [Fe/H] determinations for FGK stars: 2001 edition
The catalogue presented here is a compilation of published atmosphericparameters (Teff, log g, [Fe/H]) obtained from highresolution, high signal-to-noise spectroscopic observations. This newedition has changed compared to the five previous versions. It is nowrestricted to intermediate and low mass stars (F, G and K stars). Itcontains 6354 determinations of (Teff, log g, [Fe/H]) for3356 stars, including 909 stars in 79 stellar systems. The literature iscomplete between January 1980 and December 2000 and includes 378references. The catalogue is made up of two tables, one for field starsand one for stars in galactic associations, open and globular clustersand external galaxies. The catalogue is distributed through the CDSdatabase. Access to the catalogue with cross-identification to othersets of data is also possible with VizieR (Ochsenbein et al.\cite{och00}). The catalogue (Tables 1 and 2) is only available inelectronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr(130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/373/159 and VizieRhttp://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/.
| The abundance distribution of elements captured by neutrons in metal-poor stars
Based on our model to compute the heavy element abundances in metal-poorstars, the authors study the heavy-element abundance distributions in 21metal-poor stars published in 1999. The results show that the heavierelements agree well with the observed data, but the lighter elementsdeviate from them, and this further shows that the heavier elementabundances from different nucleosynthesis processes in metal-poorsurroundings are similar to those from corresponding processes in thesolar system but the contribution ratios are different, and the lighterelement abundances deviate from that of the solar system. At the sametime the results suggest the nucleosynthesis sites of the lighter andheavier elements are different, namely they have differentnucleosynthesis mechanisms. In this paper, the authors especiallydiscuss the influence of the observed abundance errors on the componentcoefficients of different nucleosynthesis processes.
| Abundance correlations in mildly metal-poor stars
Accurate relative abundances have been obtained for a sample of 21mildly metal-poor stars from the analysis of high resolution and highsignal-to-noise spectra. In order to reach the highest coherence andinternal precision, lines with similar dependency on the stellaratmospheric parameters were selected, and the analysis was carried outin a strictly differential way within the sample. With these accurateresults, correlations between relative abundances have been searchedfor, with a special emphasis on the neutron capture elements. Thisanalysis shows that the r elements are closely correlated to the alphaelements, which is in agreement with the generally accepted idea thatthe r-process takes place during the explosion of massive stars. Thesituation is more complex as far as the s elements are concerned. Theirrelation with the alpha elements is not linear. In a first group ofstars, the relative abundance of the s elements increases only slightlywith the alpha elements overabundance until the latter reaches a maximumvalue. For the second group, the s elements show a rather large range ofenhancement and a constant (and maximum) value of the alpha elementsoverabundance. This peculiar behaviour leads us to distinguish betweentwo sub-populations of metal-poor stars, namely Pop IIa (first group)and Pop IIb (second group). We suggest a scenario of formation ofmetal-poor stars based on two distinct phases of chemical enrichment, afirst phase essentially consisting in supernova explosions of massivestars, and a second phase where the enrichment is provided by stellarwinds from intermediate mass stars. More specifically, we assume thatall thick disk and field halo stars were born in globular clusters, fromwhich they escaped, either during an early disruption of the cluster(Pop IIa) or, later, through an evaporation process (Pop IIb). Based onobservations obtained at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla,Chile.
| Field halo stars: the globular cluster connection
High resolution and high signal-to-noise spectra of about 20 metal-poorstars have been analysed. The correlations between the relativeabundances of 16 elements have been studied, with a special emphasis onthe neutron-capture ones. This analysis reveals the existence of twosubpopulations of field halo stars, namely Pop IIa and Pop IIb. Theydiffer by the behaviour of the s-process elements versus the alpha andr-process elements. A scenario for the formation of these stars ispresented, which closely relates the origin of field halo stars to theevolution of globular clusters. According to this scenario, the twosub-populations originate from two different stages in the globularcluster's chemical evolution. Based on observations carried out at theEuropean Southern Observatory (La Silla, Chile)
| Empirical study of departures from the excitation equilibrium of FeI in metal-poor stars.
A detailed analysis of neutral iron lines in a sample of 13 metal-poordwarfs and subgiants is carried out on the basis of high resolutionspectra obtained with the ESO Coude Echelle Spectrometer. The deducediron abundance is found to depend on the excitation potential of theline used, higher excitation lines generally indicating higherabundances. This could be caused by departures from the localthermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) or by temperature inhomogeneities in thestellar atmospheres. The dependency of this effect on the stellaratmospheric parameters is investigated. From the comparison of ironlines with lines of other elements, it is concluded that the lowexcitation FeI lines are much more affected than the high excitationlines. The consequences of these effects for the classical abundanceanalyses are examined. It is found that they may explain, at least inpart, some previously reported discrepancies between the results ofdifferent authors.
| Analyses of Archival Data for Cool Dwarfs. VI. The 1993 Versions of the Temperature and [Fe/H] Catalogs
This paper contains supplements to two catalogs which have previouslybeen published by the author. One of the supplements updates a catalogof temperatures for FGK dwarfs (see Taylor 1994b). The other supplementupdates a catalog of averaged values of [Fe/H] for the same stars (seeTaylor 1994d). The combined catalogs and supplements include values of[Fe/H] published through the end of 1993. Detailed instructions aregiven for catalog users, including an algorithm for adding data to the[Fe/H] catalog. For recent sources of [Fe/H] which require comment,discussions of issues such as data editing and zero-pint corrections aregiven. A review is also given of a problem described by Gray (1994), whofinds that his spectroscopic temperatures and photometric temperaturesfrom Paper II scatter more around their mean relation than one wouldexpect from the contributing rms errors. It is found that near-Sunreddening (which is Gray's preferred solution of the problem) is not adefensible explanation for this scatter. For the moment, the real sourceof the scatter remains unknown. (SECTION: Stars)
| Stroemgren photometry of F- and G-type stars brighter than V = 9.6. I. UVBY photometry
Within the framework of a large photometric observing program, designedto investigate the Galaxy's structure and evolution, Hβ photometryis being made for about 9000 stars. As a by-product, supplementary uvbyphotometry has been made. The results are presented in a cataloguecontaining 6924 uvby observations of 6190 stars, all south ofδ=+38deg. The overall internal rms errors of one observation(transformed to the standard system) of a program star in the interval6.5
| Abundances of Heavy Elements in Metal Deficient Stars - Part Two - Detailed Spectroscopic Analysis
Not Available
| Abundances of Heavy Elements in Metal Deficient Stars - Part One - Observational Material and Model Atmospheres
Not Available
| Population studies. I - The Bidelman-MacConnell 'weak-metal' stars
BRVI and DDO photometry are presented for 309 Bidelman-MacConnell'weak-metal' stars. Radial velocities are calculated for most of thestars having Fe/H abundances of no more than -0.8. The photometricobservations were carried out using the 0.6-meter and 1.0-metertelescopes of the Siding Spring Observatory. Photometric taxonomy wasused to classify the stars as dwarfs, giants, red-horizontal branchstars, and ultraviolet-bright stars, respectively. It is found that 35percent of the stars are giants; 50 percent are dwarfs; and 5 percentbelong to the red-horizontal branch group. The role of selection effectsin investigations of the formation of the Galaxy is discussed on thebasis of the photometric observations and the observational constraintsproposed by Eggen et al. (1962).
| The chemical evolution of the solar neighborhood. I - A bias-free reduction technique and data sample
The possible ways of measuring the age-metallicity relation for thegalactic disk in the neighborhood of the sun are discussed. It is shownthat the use of a field star sample chosen on the basis of effectivetemperature introduces a bias which results in a monotonic increase inthe metal abundance of the disk with time. However, if theage-metallicity relation for the disk can be shown to satisfy certaincriteria, the bias introduced in such a sample can be neglected: thegalactic disk apparently satisfies the criteria. It is concluded that asample analyzed through the use of uvby and H(beta) photometry inconjunction with a self-consistent set of theoretical isochronesprovides the least biased, most accurate estimate of the age-metallicityrelation for the disk.
| Southern metal-poor stars - UBVRI photometry
Considering the study of subdwarf kinematics and metallicities by Eggen,Lynden-Bell, and Sandage (1962), UBVRI photometry and normalizedultraviolet excesses are presented for 178 metal-poor stars, 144 ofwhich are contained in the kinematically unbiased list of Bidelman andMacConnell (1973). The Lowell 0.6 m telescope at Cerro Tololo was used,equipped with a single-channel photometer and a Ga-As photomultiplier.The final magnitudes and colors, number of observations, value ofdelta(U-B)0.6 (if B-V lies between 0.35 and 0.90), B and M class, andpublished spectral types for these stars are presented; severalextremely metal-poor stars are evident. In addition, sixteen nearbyvisual companions of the stars were measured, and their magnitudes andcolors are given.
| Southern subdwarf photometry
UBV photometry and normalized UV excesses are reported for 176 southernmetal-poor stars selected from the objective-prism survey of Bidelmanand MacConnell (1973) as well as 49 other metal-deficient starsidentified in other surveys. Photometry is also presented for 32 otherstars lying near the 225 program stars (although not explicitlyidentified as such in the text, the program stars are apparentlysubdwarfs and subdwarf candidates). Previously determined spectral typesand degrees of line weakening are given for the 225 stars, andmetallicities are estimated on the basis of the degrees of lineweakening. It is noted that 33 F and G stars with extreme meannormalized UV excesses of approximately 0.22 mag have a mean Fe/H valueof -1.4 and probably represent halo subdwarfs, while 82 F and G starswith moderate UV excesses are mostly old disk stars.
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Observation and Astrometry data
| Constellation: | Altar |
| Right ascension: | 17h00m46.29s |
| Declination: | -64°33'01.2" |
| Apparent magnitude: | 8.042 |
| Distance: | 72.886 parsecs |
| Proper motion RA: | -63.7 |
| Proper motion Dec: | 19.2 |
| B-T magnitude: | 8.564 |
| V-T magnitude: | 8.086 |
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